Analyzing UK consumers motivations in purchasing organic food - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 933 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Food Essay Level High school Tags: Organic Food Essay Did you like this example? In Recent decades, organic agriculture has been the central attention of every part of the society such as the government, marketers, consumers and this phenomenon is happening in the majority countries of the globe. Many people have perceived the benefits it could provide for both production front and marketing front (Chang Griffith., 2003). Organic agriculture offers solutions to some problems that the environment may have faced which have been related to industrial agriculture, a farming system which comprises the exploitation of synthetic chemicals, pesticides and other inputs in order to maximize the yield of a specific or set of crops, resulted in a genetically modified products (Chang Griffith, 2003; Lampkin, 1990). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing UK consumers motivations in purchasing organic food" essay for you Create order According to a study by Stony Brook University (N/A), conventional farming involves not only a great amount of chemical but also energy input hence leading to deteriorating the landscapes ecosystem. Taking this problem into consideration, the government has started to play an active role in encouraging organic agriculture and some significant change was apparent in production in several countries, especially in Europe (Yi Lin, 2014). On the other hand, from the marketing perspective, the demand for organic products has seen an increase due to different reasons with some already discussed above: for example, the increasing awareness for environmental concerns and impact linked to the conventional farming practices will be reduced on health and food safety (Coleman, 2018). As suggested by Willer Yussef (2004), Australia has the biggest areas of organic with 12.1 million hectares, following with China of 3.5 million hectares and Argentina with 2.8 million hectares, however, the highest percentage is in Europe. To sum up in percentages the worlds organic land, Oceania accounts for 39%, Europe with 21% and Latin America 20%. Additionally, results from FiBL survey (2017) showed that within the European countries the largest markets for organic products are Germany (8.6 billion Euro), the following is France (5.5 billion Euros), the UK (2.6 billion Euros), Italy (2.3 billion Euros) and Switzerland (2.1 billion Euros). A few terms have been used such as bio, eco and organic to refer to organics involving a farm management and production that is a sustainable agriculture to protect the environment, human, animals, health and welfare. However, it is important to note that organic food cannot be confused with food sold as natural (GreenFacts,2018). A study by Hartman Group (2009), found that consumers who buy organic food can be divided into three groups: firstly, periphery consumers accounting for 21% of organic consumers and these people are just starting to purchase organics but this group does not make any important behavioral changes; secondly, the mid-level organic consumers making up of 66% and they are changing both their attitudes and habits while buying organic products; the final group is only 13% with consumers who are truly invested in organics through their attitude and behaviour and they often talk and purchase these type of products. Organic customers have different values and beliefs compared to those of non-organic consumers and Kim (2014) said that the personal health values (food safety) motivate shoppers in purchasing organic products in order to prevent processed and artificial elements. The author further added that non-organic consumers are more indifferent and sceptical about values and beliefs: 23% of applicants do not believe that organic products are better; 23% of people say they have not much information about organics and 19% indicate they do not care about organics. Several studies have examined the role of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) regarding peoples intention to consume organics: including attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (Donahue, 2017; Dean et al., 2012). The theory is the most commonly used for consumer behaviour linking an individuals belief and behavior while stating that these constructs altogether shape someones intentions and behaviours in purchasing. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how British consumers are motivated to purchase organic food by applying the Means-End Chain (MEC) theory. MEC suggests that consumers will think about the characteristics of the goods or attribute in terms of pers onal consequences and give a possible link between their needs, product characteristics to consequences and values (Zanoli Naspetti, 2002). MEC theory consists of product attributes which are associated with consequences (benefits and/or risks) and to personal values and these three categories will drive consumers choice. MEC will be applied through a ladder interview: a qualitative method that encourage participants to verbally describe their responses (Woodall, 2013). The results from the interviews will be expressed on a hierarchical value maps (HVMs), an association networks of attributes, consequences and values. By understanding the hierarchical map of organic consumers consumption, it may help marketers and manager develop processes for ameliorating organic market in the UK and have a better understanding of their organic consumers. Five sections are presented in order to guide readers through this dissertation. The first part consists of the introduction by providing a global background on the organic system with definitions about organic food and organic consumers, research objective and structure. The second part involves the literature review by starting with a detailed presentation about the UK organic market. Following up is a clear explanation and analysis of the mean end chain theory with previous researches according to consumers perceptions and motivations. The third section is the methodology: this work will be carried out with a qualitative method known as ladder interviews where questions will be designed specifically to discover the link between attributes, consequences and value of an individual. Findings/results and analysis/discussion will be the essentials of the fourth section. Finally, the last part will be dedicated to a discussion, review research questions and results derived from the in-d epth interview and as well as outlining the limitations and what else can be done to improve or for future research.

The West African Nation of Ghana - 2488 Words

â€Å"This mid-twentieth century is Africa’s. This decade is the decade of African independence. Forward then, to independence. To independence now. Tomorrow, the united states of Africa.† It was with these words that Kwame Nkrumah concluded his speech at the opening ceremony of the All-African People’s conference in 1958. It was one of the first Pan-African congresses to be held in the continent, in an independent African nation and with a number of African freedom fighters-an achievement that Nkrumah was particularly proud of. In this speech, Nkrumah reaffirms the importance of collaboration among Africans for a common goal- â€Å"the freedom and independence of Africa† and fostering the â€Å"African Identity† as a way to facilitate unity and development. The West African nation of Ghana gained its independence in the year 1957, making it the first African nation to declare its independence from European Rule. Kwame Nkrumah and other Ghanaian liberation struggle leaders played a pivotal role in achieving Ghana’s liberation. This, as Nkrumah saw it, was the beginning of a wave of independence movements within the African continent. He and many others also considered it a symbolic victory for all black people and a beacon of peace to a world that was devastated by war. In addition to eradicating colonial rule, the independence movements pushed for solidarity between Africans. This idea of unity also extended and appealed to African Americans, some of whom visited or returned to theShow MoreRelatedIndependence1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe recent history of Ghana and explains the series of events that led up to Ghanas independence in 1957. The paper specifically discusses the effects of colonization in terms of economic and social development and the cultural tensions and tribal divisions in the newly independent Ghana. The paper then looks at the current population and government and concludes that while Ghana is still very much a developing country, Ghana is significantly better off than its West African peers. From the PaperRead MorePolitical and Economic Conditions in Pre-Colonial Ghana Essay examples877 Words   |  4 PagesGhana, whether an ancient kingdom or centrally governed nation in Western Africa, has been in the fabric of economic development and exchange in Sub-Saharan Africa for the past thousand years (Berry, 1994, p. 63). Known for its abundance of gold, the nation of Ghana, touted as â€Å"The Gold Coast† by European traders (Berry, 1994, p. 63), has felt the political and economic aftermath of the world becoming less isolated over the past six centuries by virtue of growing European power. In this essay, byRead MoreHow A Busy Workday On The Streets Of Kumasi1449 Words   |  6 Pageson the streets of Kumasi, Ghana finds hawkers hurriedly racing after vehicles to trade their commodities. All students will also be cautiously located at their respective course level classrooms or lecture halls and workers, patriotically serving their country with unremitting devotion. A passel of the working population render their vital services in the market. One of the numerous markets in Ghana is the Kumasi Central Market, which is the largest open air market in West Africa.(GW). At the marketplaceRead MoreThe Foundation Of Modern Ghana1579 Words   |  7 PagesFoundation of Modern Ghana Ghana is looked upon as a beautiful place to travel and explore West African Culture, but what lies beneath the beautiful ocean and intriguing people is a story of the many hardships and struggles that were put into the formation of this fascinating place. Ghana was once a flourishing community off the coast of West Africa until trade relations caused turmoil between the Europeans and the Ghanaians. A man named Kwame Nkrumah is an original Ghanaian who supported Ghana being an independentRead MoreLong Distance Trade in West Africa856 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican History 18 March 2011 History of Trade Influence in West Africa Trade has played an important role in the history of the West African region. Trade shaped the region in two main ways. Trade worked as a catalyst for the rise of nearly every empire in the region from its’ earliest times to present day. Also, the growth and spread of trade routes brought in an immense amount of culture with it as well. Trade is and has been a reason for organization in all parts of the world from theRead MoreDifferences Between Sierra Leone And Ghana1580 Words   |  7 Pageswill focus on the emergence of each nation, as well as each culture’s national identity. The historical backgrounds found within the countries of Sierra Leone and Ghana have shaped each of their national identities. Exploring how Sierra Leone and Ghana emerged as individual nations is crucial in understanding their national identities as well as necessary to show the similarities between Sierra Leonean and Ghanaian cultures. As for both Sierra Leone and Ghana, we see major European influence shapingRead MoreAfrican Countries, Sierra Leon And Ghana1502 Words   |  7 Pages I have chosen to dissect two West African countries, Sierra Leon and Ghana, along with Peru located in South America and lastly the United States located in North America. Sierra Leon is a British established colony founded in 1787 for slaves returning to Africa from Great Britain and also the United States, its primary language is Krio spoken by 97% of citizens. Sierra Leone became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations on April 27 of 1961 and Freetown was deemed the capitalRead MoreEssay Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa510 Words   |  3 PagesGhana: The Gold Coast of Africa The Gold Coast, now known as Ghana, is one of many civilizations of Africa. It was a British Colony until March 6, 1957, when it became independent as the State of Ghana. In 1471, the Portuguese invaded this area and became involved in gold trade, giving the region the name, The Gold Coast. They built forts to protect their monopoly of gold trade from merchants representing other nations. In 1642, the Dutch West India Company captured allRead MoreSlavery During The Twentieth Century993 Words   |  4 Pagesremnants of the past in order to locate African memories in literature and bring them forth from the margins of history. Each author originates from different geographical locations in Africa, which allows various forms of slavery to emerge in the narratives, representing slavery as continuing to haunt the African psyche. In tracing transatlantic slave trade literature, Achille Mbembe states, ‘there is, properly speaking no African memory’ presenting the void of African voices in the history of the slaveRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 PagesPan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity      Pan Africanism Definition Pan-Africanism is a sociopolitical worldview, and philosophy, as well as a movement, which seeks to unify both native Africans and those of the African Diaspora, as part of a global African community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan Africanism

Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay Free Essays

The purpose of the article is to happen the influencing factors on international pupils ‘ determination in choosing establishments and host states.While related cognition are good developed, the purpose of the article mentioned above is non clearly specified. The article discusses the ground why pupils select to analyze overseas. We will write a custom essay sample on Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two grounds: one is that, positive outlook of instruction for raising the economic and societal position, peculiarly higher instruction. The other is that less developed states do non hold adequate educational installation and pupils can non easy acquire higher instruction. Education industry started from 1960s in western advanced states. To capture the forms of international pupils flow globally, the writers endeavor to explicate it by a combination of â€Å" push and pull † factors that may promote pupils to analyze abroad. â€Å" Push † factors are those runing in the pupils ‘ place state. These will impact pupils ‘ determination to analyze abroad or non. While â€Å" pull † factors are those caused in the host state, these are seeking to pull international pupils. Though the grounds taking to analyze abroad were presented briefly in the debut subdivision, the writers fail to supply an enlightening lineation to explicate what they want to look into in this research paper. Literature Review For Past research To understand international instruction market, the writers review old research and place a group of seven major factors that may act upon the demand for international instruction. These factors include 1 ) deficit of higher instruction particularly in Asia and Africa 2 ) the particular relationship in history between host and place states, 3 ) the common linguistic communication between the place and host states 4 ) the advanced development in scientific discipline and engineering 5 ) the little distance from place to host states 6 ) people ‘s sentiment about the third instruction system in the beginning state and 7 ) last but non least, the writers find out that the wealth and the GNP growing rate both have some influence on the demand for international instruction by mentioning to Lee and Tan ( 1984 ) the comparative wealth of population and the GNP growing rate in the place state. By mentioning to Agarwal and Winkler ( 1985 ) , the writers farther identified four principal drivers, i.e. , the mean income per individual in the place state, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, the handiness of educational chances in the place state, and the expected return of analyzing abroad. The writers besides refer to McMahon ‘s ( 1992 ) testing of push and pull theoretical account. In the push theoretical account, it illustrates that the degree of wealth in one economic system, the universe position of the underdeveloped state, the grade of the importance of the instruction in place state, and the instruction handiness all play of import functions on the demand for international instruction. In the pull theoretical account, the factors in the host state that could act upon international pupils are the comparative economic system size between the two states, the economic connectivity between place and host states, the political involvement of the host state to the place state, and the scholarship provided by the host state. The writers besides summarize the determination of two paper published by the first writer Mazzarol in 1997-98. When choosing a concluding survey finish, pupils by and large go through at least three distinguishable phases, i.e. , make up one’s minding to analyze overseas, taking a host state, and happening a host establishment. Push factors play an of import function in doing the determination of analyzing abroad, whereas pull factors may hold impact on taking the host state and establishment. The pull factors for doing a host state attractive include 1 ) the general recognition of the host state, 2 ) recommendations obtained by the pupils, 3 ) instruction cost, 4 ) the environment of the host state, 5 ) the advantage of geographics, and 6 ) societal links. The pull factors for doing a host institute attractive include 1 ) an establishment ‘s repute for quality, 2 ) market profile, 3 ) scope of classs, 4 ) confederations or alliances, 5 ) offshore learning plans, 6 ) st aff expertness, 7 ) grade of invention, 8 ) usage of information engineering, 9 ) resources, 10 ) size of the alumni base, and 11 ) publicity and selling attempts. The writers have presented a comprehensive literature reappraisal, covering most of the of import factors act uponing the international pupil flow. In peculiar, by mentioning to a pull-push theoretical account, the writers have identified a set of push factors promoting pupils to seek to set about survey overseas. They besides have ascertained two sets of pull factors, doing a peculiar host state and host establishment attractive. Research Results Reported Including Research Method and Data Collection The survey involved largely quantitative method but besides use some qualitative method. Questionnaire informations aggregation method is used in the survey. In this survey, three stairss of the informations aggregation were used. The first is appraising Indonesian and Chinese pupils. The 2nd is appraising Indian pupils. The 3rd one is appraising Chinese pupils. The writers collected informations through questionnaires. All the questionnaires were distributed to the research workers as their first linguistic communication. All the three studies used the same inquiries in order to do a comparing. Before the formal probe, focal point group treatments were carried out. In this subdivision, the writers try to determine factors act uponing international pupils to take host establishments through a discriminate analysis which was used to compare international and local pupils ‘ sentiments. At least, two concerns are identified. First, the writers mention that a seven point evaluation graduated table is a metrical graduated table, which is non right. Technically, it is an ordinal graduated table. Second, although the survey includes 17 variables which will act upon the pupils ‘ pick of establishment, a few of import factors that were of importance to international pupils have non been highlighted and discussed by the writers. These factors include â€Å" offering a wide scope of class and plans † , â€Å" doing usage of the latest Information technology † , and â€Å" a repute for being antiphonal to student demands † , â€Å" good known for invention in research and instruction † , and â€Å" a big campus and excellent installations † . The writers seem to disregard to discourse them in this subdivision, merely because these factors are every bit of import to local pupils. The research consequence was besides reported by the writer by placing the four most of import â€Å" push † factors that affect the pick of international instruction. These four factors are pupils ‘ apprehension of the abroad class, the trouble of come ining to local plans, pupils ‘ involvement of western civilization, and the motive of migration. The writers think that these factors are of import issues for educational establishments to see when developing an international selling scheme. The paper besides discussed other act uponing elements in the pupils ‘ pick of the host state, such as the recognition of one state, the recommendations, alumnas influence, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, and the natural environment. In general, the treatment fail to give much practical deductions as what a good research paper should accomplish in the treatment portion. The writers seem to reiterate what they have presented in the old subdivision. Very seldom, the writers discussed the findings of the study and presented their deductions to the Australian international instruction market. For illustration, when societal costs and better cognition consciousness of a host state were recognized as of import factors, the writers fail to discourse how the Australian authorities should use these findings and act to pull more international pupils to analyze in Australia. Marketing schemes such as painting Australia as a safe survey finish and advertisement Australia and Australian universities in prospective abroad markets would be really helpful. The same jobs besides took topographic point in the subdivision that the writers discussed factors act uponing the attraction of a peculiar host establishment. Remark on the Authors ‘Conclusion Drawn from the Literature Review and informations Collected The writer provinces in his decision that the authorities and their establishments need to pay peculiar attending to the â€Å" push-pull † factors because they play of import functions in the pupils ‘ pick of host state. This is clearly drawn from the literature reviews and informations collected. Then the writer mentioned that the supply of the international pupils is increasing in the Asiatic states. The traditional â€Å" push † factors will less of import than earlier. This is non mentioned in the literature reappraisal and non drawn from the research of informations. But the author measure frontward reasoning based on this fact stating that the host states should pay attending to the â€Å" pull † factors. Further, the writers remind that the personal recommendation and quality instruction are the cardinal factors in the pupils ‘ determination of host state and establishments. Of these, we think it is merely a sensible but non high quality decision drawn from the literature reappraisal and the information collected. How to cite Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay, Essay examples

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us free essay sample

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber barons cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. -C. S. Lewis (1898 1963) The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obamas promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their roots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the worlds largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didnt get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased be cause more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all socialized medicine. In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care is another whopper. In many developed countries, Reid writes, people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. In fact, the opposite is true. Americas for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. If a profit is to be made, you need an army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people, says Rei d. Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system