Analyzing UK consumers motivations in purchasing organic food - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 933 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Food Essay Level High school Tags: Organic Food Essay Did you like this example? In Recent decades, organic agriculture has been the central attention of every part of the society such as the government, marketers, consumers and this phenomenon is happening in the majority countries of the globe. Many people have perceived the benefits it could provide for both production front and marketing front (Chang Griffith., 2003). Organic agriculture offers solutions to some problems that the environment may have faced which have been related to industrial agriculture, a farming system which comprises the exploitation of synthetic chemicals, pesticides and other inputs in order to maximize the yield of a specific or set of crops, resulted in a genetically modified products (Chang Griffith, 2003; Lampkin, 1990). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing UK consumers motivations in purchasing organic food" essay for you Create order According to a study by Stony Brook University (N/A), conventional farming involves not only a great amount of chemical but also energy input hence leading to deteriorating the landscapes ecosystem. Taking this problem into consideration, the government has started to play an active role in encouraging organic agriculture and some significant change was apparent in production in several countries, especially in Europe (Yi Lin, 2014). On the other hand, from the marketing perspective, the demand for organic products has seen an increase due to different reasons with some already discussed above: for example, the increasing awareness for environmental concerns and impact linked to the conventional farming practices will be reduced on health and food safety (Coleman, 2018). As suggested by Willer Yussef (2004), Australia has the biggest areas of organic with 12.1 million hectares, following with China of 3.5 million hectares and Argentina with 2.8 million hectares, however, the highest percentage is in Europe. To sum up in percentages the worlds organic land, Oceania accounts for 39%, Europe with 21% and Latin America 20%. Additionally, results from FiBL survey (2017) showed that within the European countries the largest markets for organic products are Germany (8.6 billion Euro), the following is France (5.5 billion Euros), the UK (2.6 billion Euros), Italy (2.3 billion Euros) and Switzerland (2.1 billion Euros). A few terms have been used such as bio, eco and organic to refer to organics involving a farm management and production that is a sustainable agriculture to protect the environment, human, animals, health and welfare. However, it is important to note that organic food cannot be confused with food sold as natural (GreenFacts,2018). A study by Hartman Group (2009), found that consumers who buy organic food can be divided into three groups: firstly, periphery consumers accounting for 21% of organic consumers and these people are just starting to purchase organics but this group does not make any important behavioral changes; secondly, the mid-level organic consumers making up of 66% and they are changing both their attitudes and habits while buying organic products; the final group is only 13% with consumers who are truly invested in organics through their attitude and behaviour and they often talk and purchase these type of products. Organic customers have different values and beliefs compared to those of non-organic consumers and Kim (2014) said that the personal health values (food safety) motivate shoppers in purchasing organic products in order to prevent processed and artificial elements. The author further added that non-organic consumers are more indifferent and sceptical about values and beliefs: 23% of applicants do not believe that organic products are better; 23% of people say they have not much information about organics and 19% indicate they do not care about organics. Several studies have examined the role of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) regarding peoples intention to consume organics: including attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (Donahue, 2017; Dean et al., 2012). The theory is the most commonly used for consumer behaviour linking an individuals belief and behavior while stating that these constructs altogether shape someones intentions and behaviours in purchasing. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how British consumers are motivated to purchase organic food by applying the Means-End Chain (MEC) theory. MEC suggests that consumers will think about the characteristics of the goods or attribute in terms of pers onal consequences and give a possible link between their needs, product characteristics to consequences and values (Zanoli Naspetti, 2002). MEC theory consists of product attributes which are associated with consequences (benefits and/or risks) and to personal values and these three categories will drive consumers choice. MEC will be applied through a ladder interview: a qualitative method that encourage participants to verbally describe their responses (Woodall, 2013). The results from the interviews will be expressed on a hierarchical value maps (HVMs), an association networks of attributes, consequences and values. By understanding the hierarchical map of organic consumers consumption, it may help marketers and manager develop processes for ameliorating organic market in the UK and have a better understanding of their organic consumers. Five sections are presented in order to guide readers through this dissertation. The first part consists of the introduction by providing a global background on the organic system with definitions about organic food and organic consumers, research objective and structure. The second part involves the literature review by starting with a detailed presentation about the UK organic market. Following up is a clear explanation and analysis of the mean end chain theory with previous researches according to consumers perceptions and motivations. The third section is the methodology: this work will be carried out with a qualitative method known as ladder interviews where questions will be designed specifically to discover the link between attributes, consequences and value of an individual. Findings/results and analysis/discussion will be the essentials of the fourth section. Finally, the last part will be dedicated to a discussion, review research questions and results derived from the in-d epth interview and as well as outlining the limitations and what else can be done to improve or for future research.

The West African Nation of Ghana - 2488 Words

â€Å"This mid-twentieth century is Africa’s. This decade is the decade of African independence. Forward then, to independence. To independence now. Tomorrow, the united states of Africa.† It was with these words that Kwame Nkrumah concluded his speech at the opening ceremony of the All-African People’s conference in 1958. It was one of the first Pan-African congresses to be held in the continent, in an independent African nation and with a number of African freedom fighters-an achievement that Nkrumah was particularly proud of. In this speech, Nkrumah reaffirms the importance of collaboration among Africans for a common goal- â€Å"the freedom and independence of Africa† and fostering the â€Å"African Identity† as a way to facilitate unity and development. The West African nation of Ghana gained its independence in the year 1957, making it the first African nation to declare its independence from European Rule. Kwame Nkrumah and other Ghanaian liberation struggle leaders played a pivotal role in achieving Ghana’s liberation. This, as Nkrumah saw it, was the beginning of a wave of independence movements within the African continent. He and many others also considered it a symbolic victory for all black people and a beacon of peace to a world that was devastated by war. In addition to eradicating colonial rule, the independence movements pushed for solidarity between Africans. This idea of unity also extended and appealed to African Americans, some of whom visited or returned to theShow MoreRelatedIndependence1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe recent history of Ghana and explains the series of events that led up to Ghanas independence in 1957. The paper specifically discusses the effects of colonization in terms of economic and social development and the cultural tensions and tribal divisions in the newly independent Ghana. The paper then looks at the current population and government and concludes that while Ghana is still very much a developing country, Ghana is significantly better off than its West African peers. From the PaperRead MorePolitical and Economic Conditions in Pre-Colonial Ghana Essay examples877 Words   |  4 PagesGhana, whether an ancient kingdom or centrally governed nation in Western Africa, has been in the fabric of economic development and exchange in Sub-Saharan Africa for the past thousand years (Berry, 1994, p. 63). Known for its abundance of gold, the nation of Ghana, touted as â€Å"The Gold Coast† by European traders (Berry, 1994, p. 63), has felt the political and economic aftermath of the world becoming less isolated over the past six centuries by virtue of growing European power. In this essay, byRead MoreHow A Busy Workday On The Streets Of Kumasi1449 Words   |  6 Pageson the streets of Kumasi, Ghana finds hawkers hurriedly racing after vehicles to trade their commodities. All students will also be cautiously located at their respective course level classrooms or lecture halls and workers, patriotically serving their country with unremitting devotion. A passel of the working population render their vital services in the market. One of the numerous markets in Ghana is the Kumasi Central Market, which is the largest open air market in West Africa.(GW). At the marketplaceRead MoreThe Foundation Of Modern Ghana1579 Words   |  7 PagesFoundation of Modern Ghana Ghana is looked upon as a beautiful place to travel and explore West African Culture, but what lies beneath the beautiful ocean and intriguing people is a story of the many hardships and struggles that were put into the formation of this fascinating place. Ghana was once a flourishing community off the coast of West Africa until trade relations caused turmoil between the Europeans and the Ghanaians. A man named Kwame Nkrumah is an original Ghanaian who supported Ghana being an independentRead MoreLong Distance Trade in West Africa856 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican History 18 March 2011 History of Trade Influence in West Africa Trade has played an important role in the history of the West African region. Trade shaped the region in two main ways. Trade worked as a catalyst for the rise of nearly every empire in the region from its’ earliest times to present day. Also, the growth and spread of trade routes brought in an immense amount of culture with it as well. Trade is and has been a reason for organization in all parts of the world from theRead MoreDifferences Between Sierra Leone And Ghana1580 Words   |  7 Pageswill focus on the emergence of each nation, as well as each culture’s national identity. The historical backgrounds found within the countries of Sierra Leone and Ghana have shaped each of their national identities. Exploring how Sierra Leone and Ghana emerged as individual nations is crucial in understanding their national identities as well as necessary to show the similarities between Sierra Leonean and Ghanaian cultures. As for both Sierra Leone and Ghana, we see major European influence shapingRead MoreAfrican Countries, Sierra Leon And Ghana1502 Words   |  7 Pages I have chosen to dissect two West African countries, Sierra Leon and Ghana, along with Peru located in South America and lastly the United States located in North America. Sierra Leon is a British established colony founded in 1787 for slaves returning to Africa from Great Britain and also the United States, its primary language is Krio spoken by 97% of citizens. Sierra Leone became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations on April 27 of 1961 and Freetown was deemed the capitalRead MoreEssay Ghana: The Gold Coast of Africa510 Words   |  3 PagesGhana: The Gold Coast of Africa The Gold Coast, now known as Ghana, is one of many civilizations of Africa. It was a British Colony until March 6, 1957, when it became independent as the State of Ghana. In 1471, the Portuguese invaded this area and became involved in gold trade, giving the region the name, The Gold Coast. They built forts to protect their monopoly of gold trade from merchants representing other nations. In 1642, the Dutch West India Company captured allRead MoreSlavery During The Twentieth Century993 Words   |  4 Pagesremnants of the past in order to locate African memories in literature and bring them forth from the margins of history. Each author originates from different geographical locations in Africa, which allows various forms of slavery to emerge in the narratives, representing slavery as continuing to haunt the African psyche. In tracing transatlantic slave trade literature, Achille Mbembe states, ‘there is, properly speaking no African memory’ presenting the void of African voices in the history of the slaveRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 PagesPan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity      Pan Africanism Definition Pan-Africanism is a sociopolitical worldview, and philosophy, as well as a movement, which seeks to unify both native Africans and those of the African Diaspora, as part of a global African community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan Africanism

Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay Free Essays

The purpose of the article is to happen the influencing factors on international pupils ‘ determination in choosing establishments and host states.While related cognition are good developed, the purpose of the article mentioned above is non clearly specified. The article discusses the ground why pupils select to analyze overseas. We will write a custom essay sample on Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two grounds: one is that, positive outlook of instruction for raising the economic and societal position, peculiarly higher instruction. The other is that less developed states do non hold adequate educational installation and pupils can non easy acquire higher instruction. Education industry started from 1960s in western advanced states. To capture the forms of international pupils flow globally, the writers endeavor to explicate it by a combination of â€Å" push and pull † factors that may promote pupils to analyze abroad. â€Å" Push † factors are those runing in the pupils ‘ place state. These will impact pupils ‘ determination to analyze abroad or non. While â€Å" pull † factors are those caused in the host state, these are seeking to pull international pupils. Though the grounds taking to analyze abroad were presented briefly in the debut subdivision, the writers fail to supply an enlightening lineation to explicate what they want to look into in this research paper. Literature Review For Past research To understand international instruction market, the writers review old research and place a group of seven major factors that may act upon the demand for international instruction. These factors include 1 ) deficit of higher instruction particularly in Asia and Africa 2 ) the particular relationship in history between host and place states, 3 ) the common linguistic communication between the place and host states 4 ) the advanced development in scientific discipline and engineering 5 ) the little distance from place to host states 6 ) people ‘s sentiment about the third instruction system in the beginning state and 7 ) last but non least, the writers find out that the wealth and the GNP growing rate both have some influence on the demand for international instruction by mentioning to Lee and Tan ( 1984 ) the comparative wealth of population and the GNP growing rate in the place state. By mentioning to Agarwal and Winkler ( 1985 ) , the writers farther identified four principal drivers, i.e. , the mean income per individual in the place state, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, the handiness of educational chances in the place state, and the expected return of analyzing abroad. The writers besides refer to McMahon ‘s ( 1992 ) testing of push and pull theoretical account. In the push theoretical account, it illustrates that the degree of wealth in one economic system, the universe position of the underdeveloped state, the grade of the importance of the instruction in place state, and the instruction handiness all play of import functions on the demand for international instruction. In the pull theoretical account, the factors in the host state that could act upon international pupils are the comparative economic system size between the two states, the economic connectivity between place and host states, the political involvement of the host state to the place state, and the scholarship provided by the host state. The writers besides summarize the determination of two paper published by the first writer Mazzarol in 1997-98. When choosing a concluding survey finish, pupils by and large go through at least three distinguishable phases, i.e. , make up one’s minding to analyze overseas, taking a host state, and happening a host establishment. Push factors play an of import function in doing the determination of analyzing abroad, whereas pull factors may hold impact on taking the host state and establishment. The pull factors for doing a host state attractive include 1 ) the general recognition of the host state, 2 ) recommendations obtained by the pupils, 3 ) instruction cost, 4 ) the environment of the host state, 5 ) the advantage of geographics, and 6 ) societal links. The pull factors for doing a host institute attractive include 1 ) an establishment ‘s repute for quality, 2 ) market profile, 3 ) scope of classs, 4 ) confederations or alliances, 5 ) offshore learning plans, 6 ) st aff expertness, 7 ) grade of invention, 8 ) usage of information engineering, 9 ) resources, 10 ) size of the alumni base, and 11 ) publicity and selling attempts. The writers have presented a comprehensive literature reappraisal, covering most of the of import factors act uponing the international pupil flow. In peculiar, by mentioning to a pull-push theoretical account, the writers have identified a set of push factors promoting pupils to seek to set about survey overseas. They besides have ascertained two sets of pull factors, doing a peculiar host state and host establishment attractive. Research Results Reported Including Research Method and Data Collection The survey involved largely quantitative method but besides use some qualitative method. Questionnaire informations aggregation method is used in the survey. In this survey, three stairss of the informations aggregation were used. The first is appraising Indonesian and Chinese pupils. The 2nd is appraising Indian pupils. The 3rd one is appraising Chinese pupils. The writers collected informations through questionnaires. All the questionnaires were distributed to the research workers as their first linguistic communication. All the three studies used the same inquiries in order to do a comparing. Before the formal probe, focal point group treatments were carried out. In this subdivision, the writers try to determine factors act uponing international pupils to take host establishments through a discriminate analysis which was used to compare international and local pupils ‘ sentiments. At least, two concerns are identified. First, the writers mention that a seven point evaluation graduated table is a metrical graduated table, which is non right. Technically, it is an ordinal graduated table. Second, although the survey includes 17 variables which will act upon the pupils ‘ pick of establishment, a few of import factors that were of importance to international pupils have non been highlighted and discussed by the writers. These factors include â€Å" offering a wide scope of class and plans † , â€Å" doing usage of the latest Information technology † , and â€Å" a repute for being antiphonal to student demands † , â€Å" good known for invention in research and instruction † , and â€Å" a big campus and excellent installations † . The writers seem to disregard to discourse them in this subdivision, merely because these factors are every bit of import to local pupils. The research consequence was besides reported by the writer by placing the four most of import â€Å" push † factors that affect the pick of international instruction. These four factors are pupils ‘ apprehension of the abroad class, the trouble of come ining to local plans, pupils ‘ involvement of western civilization, and the motive of migration. The writers think that these factors are of import issues for educational establishments to see when developing an international selling scheme. The paper besides discussed other act uponing elements in the pupils ‘ pick of the host state, such as the recognition of one state, the recommendations, alumnas influence, the assorted sorts of analyzing cost, and the natural environment. In general, the treatment fail to give much practical deductions as what a good research paper should accomplish in the treatment portion. The writers seem to reiterate what they have presented in the old subdivision. Very seldom, the writers discussed the findings of the study and presented their deductions to the Australian international instruction market. For illustration, when societal costs and better cognition consciousness of a host state were recognized as of import factors, the writers fail to discourse how the Australian authorities should use these findings and act to pull more international pupils to analyze in Australia. Marketing schemes such as painting Australia as a safe survey finish and advertisement Australia and Australian universities in prospective abroad markets would be really helpful. The same jobs besides took topographic point in the subdivision that the writers discussed factors act uponing the attraction of a peculiar host establishment. Remark on the Authors ‘Conclusion Drawn from the Literature Review and informations Collected The writer provinces in his decision that the authorities and their establishments need to pay peculiar attending to the â€Å" push-pull † factors because they play of import functions in the pupils ‘ pick of host state. This is clearly drawn from the literature reviews and informations collected. Then the writer mentioned that the supply of the international pupils is increasing in the Asiatic states. The traditional â€Å" push † factors will less of import than earlier. This is non mentioned in the literature reappraisal and non drawn from the research of informations. But the author measure frontward reasoning based on this fact stating that the host states should pay attending to the â€Å" pull † factors. Further, the writers remind that the personal recommendation and quality instruction are the cardinal factors in the pupils ‘ determination of host state and establishments. Of these, we think it is merely a sensible but non high quality decision drawn from the literature reappraisal and the information collected. How to cite Push Pull Factors Influencing International Education Essay, Essay examples

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us free essay sample

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber barons cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. -C. S. Lewis (1898 1963) The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obamas promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their roots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the worlds largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didnt get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased be cause more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all socialized medicine. In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care is another whopper. In many developed countries, Reid writes, people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. In fact, the opposite is true. Americas for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. If a profit is to be made, you need an army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people, says Rei d. Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system

Roman literature (5-6) Flashcard

Roman literature (5-6)

Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Essays

Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Essays Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Paper Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Paper Abortion refers to the termination of pregnancy by natural or deliberate causes.  This termination of pregnancy constitutes an important choice to a woman that  has been raped and is pregnant: it does not only look after her life but also  guarantees a healthy recovery. For instance, the United Kingdom maintains its  laws of a legal abortion until the 24 weeks of pregnancy as long two registered  and official doctors agree based on the terms of the British 1967 Abortion Act. Following that example of that first-world country, a woman must have the  right to practice abortion when the continuance of the pregnancy would  involve risk to the life of the pregnant woman, or of injury to the physical  or mental health of the pregnant woman or any existing children of her  family, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated. Said this in other  terms, women must have the right to make abortions when raped. The first reason for this is that most laws or opinions against  legalizing abortion in Ecuador literally kills women. No matter how many  laws might be passed against abortion, they will not stop raped women from  making them in secret, without medical care and in truly dangerous  circumstances. According to statistics, of the 46 million abortions  occurring worldwide each year, 26 million take place in countries where  abortion is prohibited by law (Rosenbaum, 2012).

Domestic violence against men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Domestic violence against men - Essay Example Finally, this paper discusses the Elizabeth Smart’s case; it offers an overview of the case, elements of the crime, mitigating factors and connects the criminological theory of feminism to the crime committed against Elizabeth. Criminology Question 1 For many years, a great deal of focus has been put on women as victims of domestic abuse, but the focus should be put on men too as there are men who are also affected. 7.5 percent of men in the United States go through physical and or sexual abuse by affectionate partners at some time in their adult lives as Dreeben-irimia indicates (2011). There are plenty of reasons why domestic violence against men is not as much in the limelight as against women. The idea of men being abused is seen as embarrassing and unthinkable, so most men who are abused will not even contemplate reporting the situation. Men are seen as the stronger sex and an exhibition of weakness may make a man feel less of a man; thus, a man will not report so as not to be seen as weak. Secondly, there have been plenty of campaigns and programs put in place encouraging and supporting women who are abused, but this has not been seen in regard to men’s similar plight. ... It is only fair to treat them in an equal manner as the term criminal groups them as one. Secondly, white collar criminals in many occurrences are the ones who fund the street criminals and organize the street criminal groups. White collar criminals may be, to a certain extent, even more dangerous than street criminals. This is because one occurrence of deception or extortion could wipe out a company and devastate families by devouring their life savings; thus, white collar crime cannot be said to be without victims. White collar criminals dedicate their time and effort to commit economic scams just the same as street criminals dedicate theirs for their misdeeds, so both should be dealt with equally. This is so as to put in place stringent measures that will discourage people from engaging in white collar crimes. Treating white collar criminals any different may be precedent in encouraging people to engage in white collar crimes, after all, there is better treatment set aside for whi te collar crimes. Question 3 To a certain extent, the subculture of violence theory can explain high homicide rates in the South and to another extent it may not. The theory purports that, in big communities, people may develop attitudes and values that entice them to violence and acts of crime (Seifert and Kohl, 2011). The theory has an effect on adolescents because if it is understood, it could prevent them from turning into criminals in their adulthood. Surroundings may influence a person into turning to criminal acts, but everyone also has the right of choice. As much as criminal environments and circumstances influence people into crime, these places have also produced responsible people who flourish in life without committing acts of crime. Question 4

Bitch first Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bitch first - Essay Example For many decades, the society has considered the word offensive, more so when used to refer to a woman (Donalson 136). Until recently, the word ‘bitch’ was a derogatory name for a whore or a woman with loose morals (Low 96). Nevertheless, the contemporary society has fully embraced the use of the word even in inoffensive situations such as when referring to female colleagues and in idiomatic expressions (Dines, Gail, and Humez 78). Essentially, Queen Latifah brought significant influence on the use of the word through her rap music that continues to gain wide acceptance to date. Although the mention of the word ‘bitch’ in reference of a person was hitherto a taboo, the influence of rap as stated by Queen Latifah has made the word acceptable to the current generation. In the ancient times, the society was most conservatives and the use of certain words such as ‘bitch’ was limited to the animal reference and not humans (Allen 104). However, with r apid modernization, the use of the word to insinuate various scenarios has been widely accepted especially considering the huge number of slangs that the modern English has brought (Dines, Gail, and Humez 78). ... Although the traditionalist still abhor the use of the word ‘bitch’ to insinuate a human character, the modern use of the word has surpassed the virtual rule (Dines, Gail, and Humez 78). Perhaps it is appropriate to insinuate that Queen Latifah frequently named women in the same word in her lifelong musical career and in the world of art (Allen 104). This actually means that the use of the term in a social manner is acceptable in many social platforms as opposed to the ancient times when its mere mention was an abomination (Keyes 79). While the mention of the term bitch in the modern social context may elicit mixed reactions, it is widely believed that it appeals to many people in the same sense that it may offend others (Dunn 41). Therefore, one ought to consider the audience and the immediate social context whenever they plan to use the word in their conversation in order not to attract negative judgment from conservative audience (Donalson 136). Perhaps another aspect of the use of the term ‘bitch’ in the contemporary context is the reference to awful things (Dunn 41). For instance, one can refer to life as a bitch to connote the various challenges that come along in this world. In this regard, the use of the terms ought not to offend anyone, as it is used positively (Allen 104). Perhaps the use of the term ‘bitch’ came into popularity because of being used in many idiomatic expressions (Hess 82). While most of the idioms that use the word ‘bitch’ may not have any intention of negativity in them, it is important to admit the fact that modernity has only worsened the offensiveness of the word, particularly considering the disgusting idioms that use the

Mal Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mal Entertainment - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the business will provide all services right from planning, arranging, and carrying out events and parties. These will also include food services as per the requirements of clients. Although, the company will not start with kitchen, but it will provide such services by contracting with the third party that specializes in delivery high quality food. The key events that the company will focus on include birthday events, business conferences and meetings, youth parties, and weddings.This paper highlights that at the inception, the proposed business will offer its services in Manchester, UK. Upon successful achievement of established benchmarks in this market the company will expand its services to other major cities including London, Birmingham, New Castle, Nottingham, and Glagow etc. The markets have common characteristics in terms of their social and cultural setup.  Three different food menus are provided below on the basis of the pricing offered by their vendor.   The business will undertake different marketing and promotional activities. The marketing activities will include listing of business on various business print and online directories. In addition, the company will use banners for marketing on different websites, social media platforms, and even cable TV. In addition, various promotional activities will be carried to offer discounts according to the clients’ requirements and events taking place during yearly holidays.

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay The purpose of this assignment is to describe how a nurse assesses a patient admitted to a hospital ward. It will discuss the history of the patient, any pre-existing medical conditions and the reason they were admitted to the ward. It will also describe the hospital setting, the nursing model used, the risk assessment tools and the information collected from the assessment including the needs identified and what can be and will be done. For the purpose of this assignment the patient, healthcare professionals and the trust must remain anonymous, and will be referred to by pseudonyms. This is in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code, where it clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008). The patient receiving assessment and care will be referred to as Mrs Ethel Morris. Mrs Ethel Morris was admitted to an orthopaedic trauma ward within the North West. Orthopaedics is the correcting of deformities to the skeletal joints and bones, which have been caused by damage or disease (McFerran, 2008). The ward consisted of many staff, including, nurses, health care assistants, a house officer, medical consultants and physiotherapists. It had three bays, 2 being female, with 8 beds in each and one ten bedded male bay. Also, there were 4 side rooms for patients that needed to be isolated. This was an acute setting with various Orthopaedic conditions, including fractures of all types. The ward admits patients twenty-four hours a day from Accident and Emergency (AE) and transfers from other hospitals. Many of the patients admitted have pre-existing medical conditions, which have to be taken into account alongside their fractures. Ethel was an 82-year-old lady who had fallen whilst she was out shopping with her daughter. She usually walked with a walking stick to aid her balance, but with a previous history of dementia she had forgotten it. Dementia is a progressive deterioration of the brain, caused by structural and chemical changes within the brain. Symptoms include, memory loss, disorientation and changes in personality (Ouldred, 2007). Ethels friend had called an ambulance immediately after the fall, and she was admitted to the ward through accident and emergency. Ethels fall had resulted in a fracture to the neck of femur in her left leg. Marieb (1998) states that the femur is the strongest and largest bone in the body. It consists of a ball, which is known as the head of the femur, which is carried on the neck of femur to the long bone. The neck is the weakest part of the femur. Elderly people are more at risk of falls as their muscles become weaker they become less flexible. This then interferes with their movement and balance, they become more inactive and this increases the risk of falls. (Skelton et al, 1999) Ethel also has osteoporosis, which may have contributed to her fracture. Liscum (1992) states this is the formation of the bone having decreased. Elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, who subsequently sustain a fractured neck of femur, face a fifty percent chance of not walking again. Ethel appeared confused when she arrived on the ward, not knowing how she had come to be in hospital, apart from being aware of the pain and discomfort she was suffering with her hip. The nursing staff reminded Ethel what had happened and checked her drug kardex immediately for pain relief. The doctor who had seen Ethel in AE had written her up for 5ml of oromorph every three hours to control the pain. As oromorph is a controlled drug the nurse checked the dosage with another registered nurse and give it to Ethel orally. Once Ethel was comfortable, the nurse in charge of the bay began the nursing assessment. An assessment is the collection of information from an individual, to establish their needs and develop a clear prospective of their situation. The nursing process relies upon complete and thorough assessments to be a success. A key nursing skill is observing a patient, using all five senses, from listening to gain information, to touching them, assessing their temperature and the condition of their skin (Brooker and Waugh, 2007) Holland et al (2008) also states that an assessment identifies the priority amongst the problems. Data can be collected in a number of different ways, from observing a patient, communicating with them and through their clinical notes. Collection of information can also be made through a secondary source (a relative), if, for example, the primary source (the patient) was unconscious. A named nurse approach was used on the ward; this provides individualised care for the patient from admission to the point of discharge. Named nursing has been developed from primary nursing and is very closely connected to team nursing. (Dawe, 2008) The ward follows a philosophy of care to meet individual needs. Providing patient centred care, meeting individual needs whilst respecting their privacy, dignity, religious and cultural beliefs. They strive to provide high quality care and aim to maximise the potential of individuals to adapt and cope with their conditions. The wards philosophy reflects the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) quality of care. NSFs are in place to improve care in twelve specific areas, including blood pressure, diabetes and mental health. The standards have been implemented nationally and they have all been set certain time scales. (Department of Health (DOH), 2008) The ward uses most of the NSFs depending on which patient they are dealing with. In Ethels case the main ones being blood pressure and older people, which has eight different standards of its own. The nurse firstly recorded Ethels clinical observations, and her saturations appeared to be very low at only 89%. Oxygen saturations are monitored through an electronic device called a pulse oximeter. This reads the oxygen levels of haemoglobin in the arteries and is updated with each pulse (Jevon, 2000). The nurse immediately put her on four litres of oxygen through a nose cannula. A Nose cannula is two small plastic tubes that are inserted into each nostril to administer oxygen. This allows room air to be breathed in at the same time and is secured by tubing over the ears, which fits onto the oxygen cylinder (Brooker and Waugh, 2007). The nurse carried out Ethels assessment by her bedside with the curtains drawn to respect her privacy. As Ethel had dementia her daughter was present for the assessment, to confirm details and help with the process. Barrett et al (2009) states that nurses who carry out disorganized, incomplete assessments, may fail to notice a major concern, or recognize an underlying problem. Nursing models are used in the assessment process in most care settings. They are in place to establish the information that is required, ways it can be gathered for the best results, and the detail that is likely to be more helpful. (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000) Roper et al (2000) says that models are used to help organize thinking by creating theory. They are global views that have been summarised into systems. There are many different Nursing Models used in clinical settings from Orems self care model to Hendersons model of nursing. Nursing models are used to provide a distinctive framework, to highlight what the patients needs are (Fawcett, 1989). The nursing model used on this ward was Roper Logan and Tierney, Activities of living model. Roper et al (1996) activities of living consists of twelve activities that ensure survival, these are, maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling of body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. These activities are all as important as each other and one cannot be done without another. The impact of illness will affect more than one of these activities. Roper et al (2000) activities of living was first written in 1980 for nursing practice to be introduced to students. At this time there were five concepts in the model that included activities of living, lifespan and individuality in living. The model became the United Kingdoms most popular model and was also widely used throughout Europe. The nurse used a number of risk assessment tools when assessing Ethel. These were, the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), waterlow score, falls risk assessment score for the elderly (FRASE) and the Abbey pain scale. The MUST tool is a nutritional screening tool that recognises over nutrition (obesity) and under nutrition (BAPEN, 2008). The MUST tool was developed so nutritional care would improve in all care settings, by the malnutrition advisory group (MAG) of BAPEN. This tool can be applied to all adult patients, even those who are bed bound (BAPEN, 2008). As a result of the MUST screening tool, Ethel was commenced on a fluid balance chart. This measures the quantity of liquid intake, including Intravenous (IV) fluids and drinks, against the total urine output. Also to be monitored was Ethels food intake, this was to be done on a food chart. This needed updating after every mealtime to show how much was being eaten at different times. The waterlow score is to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Waterlow, 2005). This tool uses a scoring system, based on patients data. The categories include skin type, age, and continence. (Thompson, 2005) Ethels score was sixteen and she was at high-risk of pressure sores, this was due to her age and mobility. Waterlow (2005) first designed this tool for students use in 1985. It is the most frequent risk assessment tool in the United Kingdom (UK), and is used throughout hospitals, nursing homes and within the community. Pressure ulcers are most common in people with bony surfaces, thin skin and an unhealthy diet. Ethel was found to be a high risk of developing a pressure sore, as she was immobile and had tissue paper skin. The nurse commenced her on a turns chart so she would be rolled or moved every three hours to check and relieve her pressure areas. Also a pressure-relieving mattress was ordered for Ethel, this alternates the body areas under pressure by rotating the air throughout the mattress. (Collins, 2004) The FRASE assessment tool is to assess if a patient is at risk of a fall, taking into account their history and their current state. (Bolton NHS, 2003) Connard developed a fall risk assessment for the elderly in 1996; this was then adapted into a hybrid tool, known as the FRASE tool. It is in similar context to the waterlow score as they both use a points scale to assess the patients level of vulnerability (Kinn and Hood, 2001) The nurse carrying out the assessment began Ethel on a falls care plan, as she was at high-risk from having another fall. A member of staff was to update the care plan each day, noting any unsteadiness or falls. This was going to play a greater part after Ethels operation, as for the time being she was bed bound. The Abbey pain scale was developed in Australia to assess patients pain levels. It was used for individuals who had trouble communicating effectively and who suffered from dementia (Turner-stokes and Higgins, 2007). Abbey (2004) researched and developed the abbey pain scale between 1997 and 2002, and wanted it to be a straightforward and effective tool, used by all health care staff. It consisted of six scales to measure pain including physiological changes to changes in body language. Ethels score was seven and her pain level was acute to chronic during the assessment. The nurse had previously administered 5ml of Oromorph, and because of this the abbey scale was to be updated every hour to monitor the success of the pain relief. During the assessment the nurse collected various information from Ethel, including objective and subjective data. Newson (2008) states that objective data is information collected that can be measured such as temperature and blood pressure. The MUST tool was used to measure Ethels weight, and other observations were recorded, including blood pressure which was 142 systolic and pulse of 84; these were all in satisfactory limits. Any data collected outside the normal range would have been given an early warning score. A doctor and the outreach team need informing if a score totals three or above (Baines and Kanagasundaram, 2008). Also collected was Ethels details that included her, address, date of birth, and her medical history. This can be obtained through medical notes. as original records cannot be tampered with and all records made must be clear and accurate (NMC Code, 2008). Subjective data is information that cannot be measured, for example, information that the patient has given about him or herself, or the nurses insight on the patient (Newson, 2008). The nurse asked Ethel questions to gain this information, if she felt nauseas, or in pain and how she felt about what had happened. Also observed was Ethels behaviour to see if she was agitated or frightened, closed body language showed she was as her arms were wrapped around herself. The nurse also looked at and noted the condition of her skin, nails and hair. Due to Ethels dementia she didnt understand very much of what was going on and didnt know how she had ended up on a hospital ward. Short-term memory is affected alongside some long-term memory loss. This affects the ability to communicate with people and can result in the patient asking the same question repeatedly (LEHR, 2006). The nurse had to keep reassuring Ethel about what had happened, how she ended up on the ward and what her plan was. Communication is a key skill in nursing and it is an essential part in building the patient-nurse relationship. The nurse has to gain lots of information from the patient so it is important to know whether there is a communication barrier, such as a hearing problem or if the patient cannot read or speak the same language. They may need to speak more loudly or slowly so the patient can lip-read (Holland et al 2008). McCabe and Timmins, (2006) states that communication should be focused on the patient, rather than task centred. Listening, empathy and support are essential communication skills in nursing, but the main being to develop a relationship with the patient, and nurses should make time to spend with them. Ethels daughter stayed during the assessment process to help the nurse gain accurate information and communicate effectively with Ethel. The nurse had to speak slowly so she understood, and if she looked confused the nurse would reassure her and repeat the question. This process took a long time but it was necessary so Ethel could gain trust in the nurse. This made her feel more relaxed and comfortable as she could feel the warmth that had developed between them. This assignment has shown how a nurse has an important role in assessing, planning and the implementation of patient care. It has shown that nurses have to obtain data by using a various number of different sources, from assessment tools to observing patients behaviour. The nurse must also use a nursing model to help complete full and accurate assessments of patients and their needs. If there is a communication barrier, nurses must be able to overcome it by using an interpreter or picture cards. The needs identified during the assessment process have to be implemented and care plans introduced. Nurses then have a responsibility to keep regularly updating the care plans by re-assessing the patient on a regular basis.

Critique of a Website Essay -- Website Design Analysis Essays Papers

Critique of a Website Web sites are just like magazines, newspapers, brochures, menus, or even directions on how to make nitroglycerin from house-hold goods, in that they all have to be put together in such a manner that whoever is reading or browsing over it will be able to clearly distinguish this from that. In this sense, a critique of any particular web site will have justification, while carefully considering also that this is an altogether new medium of information exchange. Now, all of this talk of togetherness is actually a general reference to basic design principles, such as color coordination, if color is used, text size, font choice/ style, art integration, accessibility, and just plain and simple design of the page. For example, it wouldn't be all that appealing to the eyeball if a page being viewed had all the text jumbled up in a corner, so small your eyes were bleeding by the time you figured out that it wasn't even worth the trouble. Darn. It's important to rememeber, especially these day s, that what you read is as important as how it looks. Have you ever tried reading an interview in a Raygun magazine? Kinda hard, right? Design totally for its own sake is nice, as art that is, and admittedly it looks cool. However, it's two in the morning and you're standing in line at the corner 7-11 trying to pay for your 40 ounce bottle of Kool-Aid, and you happen to see that your favorite MTV Pearl Crap-clone band is on the cover of this hip magazine and you go to read it, but you can't. It's not because to you failed elementary school three times in two years, but because the maestro in charge decided to get fancy with it and thought it'd be cool if he hid the text under a black box or likewise photograph. I like to loo... ...the misifits skull in the background. nice. http://www.lehigh.edu/~pj12/kubrick.html --clockwork orange... at times I wish I had those eye-lid clamps for some of my classes, that and bottle of visine, too. it's a nicely designed page, with lots of information on his films. I forgot he was the one who directed dr. strangelove, a personal classic of mine. http://www.ee.pdx.edu/~caseyh/horror/hellraiser/ --i'm a clive barker fan, so this one was an obvious pick for me. lots of information anybody could ever want to know about the cenobites and the hellraiser mythology. http://nw.demon.co.uk/barkerverse/ --the official clive barker web site... duh. I particularly enjoyed this site because it contained much information on him and plenty of graphics and pictures from his new movie, Lord of Illusions, and others. Besides, it was nicely put together.